#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int x = 56;
    int& a = x;
    int &r = a;
    cout << "x = " << x << ",&x = " << &x << endl;
    cout << "a = " << a << ",&a = " << &a << endl; 
    cout << "r = " << r << ",&r = " << &r << endl;
    
    a = 25;

    cout << "x = " << x << ",&x = " << &x << endl;
    cout << "a = " << a << ",&a = " << &a << endl; 
    cout << "r = " << r << ",&r = " << &r << endl;

    const int c = 89;
    int * d = &x;
    int * & p = d;
    int & * q = &x;

    return 0;
}
